From madness to mainstream – “Gay rights” in Guyana, Part I and Part 2

Published in Diaspora Column, Stabroek News 24 June, 2013

(2013 is an interesting year in the Caribbean for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) equality. Belize, Guyana, and Jamaica have court cases pending. Guyana also has a select committee in the National Assembly to discuss the repeal of the laws that discriminate against LGBTI persons. Vidyaratha Kissoon has been associated with LGBT activism for the last decade in Guyana and was a member and Trustee of the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (also celebrating its 10th anniversary this year) until his resignation in June 2012. He reflects on the nature and responses to the LGBTI activism).

History

When did the Guyanese LGBT start attempting to find a place in society? Was it in 1959, in the all men Wedding of the Year? The Guiana Graphic of 12 July, 1959 had reported “..ANOTHER strange ‘wedding’ ….an all men affair… sent the down-town Charlestown area into a furore on Friday night as thousands blocked the traffic to get a glimpse of the ‘yellow tie’ men. The cutting of the three-tier cake was carried out without police intervention, unlike the last time when they were arrested and charged.”

Almost nine years later on 9 January, 1968, The Guiana Graphic (renamed Guyana Graphic post independence) carried a story about young Compton Boween, who was sent by Magistrate Aubrey Bishop for Psychiatric treatment for wearing a miniskirt. How was it then for those ‘mad’ men at the time, who would have dared to express themselves differently in the newly Independent Guyana? Were there times when police ignored them as in 1959?

Colleen McEwan , Executive Director of GuyBow, recalls the mobilisation in 1999 of the Rainbow Crew who were interested in promoting access to health, especially in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and promotion of equal opportunity for LGBT persons. The group was not interested in being publicly visible and active on legal issues since they felt at the time that maintaining livelihoods and building community relationships were priorities.

“Scholar/Activism”

The 2000/2001 Constitutional Reform process opened the discussion on recognising the equality of LGBT citizens, after the model of the South African state. When President Jagdeo refused to assent to the Constitutional Amendment bill that would have included sexual orientation in the anti-discrimination clause, discussion raged in the letters columns of the newspapers. In 2002, a University of Guyana Social Work student, Clayton Newman, decided to do some research on young gay men he met in Georgetown, which he agreed to share with persons who were interested in activism. In 2002 also, a young human rights activist from India, Sanjay Kabir Bavikatte, started teaching in the Faculty of Law at the University of Guyana. He had been involved in activism in India around rights of sexual and gender minorities, and continued to engage both his students and the wider public (through the letters column of the newspapers) in debates around these rights. The letters at the time were also full of discussion not only about difference in sexual orientation, but also about race and ethnicity. While critics of the ‘gay rights’ movement like to say that it is ‘Northern’ and ‘Imperialist’, the movement in Guyana could most likely be said to have been inspired by events in South Africa and in India.

In April 2003, the first public forum was organised on Sexual Orientation as a Fundamental Right, and in May 2003, the political parties agreed to restore the discussion about sexual orientation with all of the other rights bills that had been outstanding.

An important development during this time was the University of Guyana students, who decided to campaign for the inclusion of sexual orientation as a fundamental right in Guyana’s constitution. Walter Rodney is an example of the scholar activist who made University knowledge relevant to daily life. Perhaps in that spirit, the decision by the students of the University of Guyana to engage with Members of Parliament and wider society can be claimed as a bold legacy of Guyanese pushing boundaries in engagement. The presentations by Keimo Benjamin and Joel Simpson to the Members of Parliament who attended the first forum were based on the legal principles learned at University, but regrettably, the National Assembly’s discussion on 24 July, 2003 showed a marked lack of any adherence to any normal democratic law making process to protect citizens.

The parliamentary debacle resulted in a slowing down in activism, since there was no focus. In 2005, students, ex-students and supporters reorganised, and decided on the bold project, the English-Speaking Caribbean’s first LGBT Film festival. In an article in the Guyana Chronicle on 23 October, 2005, Ruel Johnson noted “From what I’ve seen of the current membership of the new SASOD, the intellectual calibre of the group’s membership – inclusive of the continued presence of [Joel] Simpson – has not been lowered. They are all above-average intelligent young professionals working with government, private sector, and the international donor community. “

The link between University knowledge and community activism was further exemplified by Jermaine Grant. He participated in several Model UN and OAS General Assemblies as part of the University of Guyana International Affairs Association, and then represented SASOD at the OAS civil society forum and General Assembly in 2007 at Panama City, Panama. He has also extended his advocacy knowledge and skills to other issues around youth empowerment and community development.

Some students preferred to contribute anonymously. Two students, a young man ‘D’, and a young woman collaborated online to create the SASOD logo, and to develop the first Internet resources – the email address, the Yahoo Group, and the first website. This use of the Internet contributed to the visibility of the work and helped to virtually ground SASOD, which was operating without an office space for many years.

Role of media

Any social justice movement needs the support of the media to further its cause. The newspapers in Guyana had been carrying content – from the early reports in the Guiana Graphic to the Helen Haynes advice columns. The letters columns were used after January 2001 by both supporters and opponents of Gay rights. In 2003, the government owned radio station aired and broadcast the first public forum, which resulted in an article in the Guyana Chronicle with an opening sentence “A giant has been awakened’. A young TV talk show host on MTV65 owned by members of the PPP, invited the new activists to talk about the Constitutional amendments because at the time he felt that the ‘opposition’ voices were being given more space. That vibrant discussion among Mr Ramon Gaskin (who supported the constitutional amendment), Mr Juan Edghill (who opposed the Constitutional amendment) and Joel Simpson from SASOD must be one of the most memorable in Guyana around any human rights issues. Regrettably, the radio station and the Government owned TV station were not so consistent in terms of how they involved activists from that 2003 debate. However, for the first time on 17 May, 2006, Petronella, who had been arrested and charged as Compton Bowen before her in 1968, spoke on the radio about her ordeal. What was poignant about that evening was the nature and possibility of acceptance in Guyana signified by the interaction between the security guard at NCN and Petronella. According to the Security Guard, Petronella’s skirt was too short and did not fit the dress code. A covering was found, and the Security Guard then allowed Petronella in with the longer ‘skirt’.

The media reporting is usually based on the decisions of individual journalists, many of whom decided to take their own risks to report on LGBT issues. The media in Guyana has been generally fair in its reporting of the activism, though there have been inconsistencies over the years. One newspaper for example, which had at least two editorials supporting LGBT rights, has from time to time not published any letters, or notices of events like the SASOD film festival. The 2007 film festival had the broadest range of coverage in radio, television and print at the time. This kind of response in Guyana is different from what, Jamacan activist, Larry Chang, experienced in Jamaica in the 1970s and 1980s when articles and advertisements were refused. There is a tendency to sensationalise some reports, while at the other times there is balanced reporting.

Encounters with God

The opposition to equality for Guyanese LGBT has been in the form of objections on religious grounds. However different sections of the religious community have had different positions on the issues of discrimination against LGBTI Guyanese. The Roman Catholic church in Guyana issued a position in 2001 opposing discrimination in any form while stating their objection to gay marriage. Other writers such as Father Malcolm Rodrigues in 2001 and Rev Patricia Sheeratan in 2003 had also written to support the calls for discrimination to be outlawed. In June 2010, the Inter-Religious Organisation (IRO) through its spokesperson Mr Juan Edghill condemned the SASOD Film Festival. This condemnation resulted in some important statements. First, the co-chairperson of the IRO at the time, Swami Aksharananda wrote a response in which he distanced himself from the IRO position and called for reason and respect for life. He was later joined by Pandits Rajin Balgobin and Deodat Tillack who also shared similar views in an article in the Hinduism Today magazine of April, May, June 2011 Issue that reflected on the diverse views of Hindus. In Trinidad & Tobago, Pandita Indranie Rampersaud also showed support for LGBT equality even as some other Hindu leaders expressed different opinions. Other condemnations of the IRO position came from Red Thread member Wintress Whyte and businessman Clinton Urling (currently President of the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce and Industry). Many activists and supporters felt that the IRO and Mr Edghill deserved a public response, especially at the abuse of public resources. However a senior Caribbean civil servant who lived in Guyana at the time asked us to change the tone of the conversation, since Guyana already had enough quarrels, and urged us to reflect on the Civil Paths to Peace Initiative to promote respect and understanding which had been recently launched by the Commonwealth Foundation. And so it was that co-chairpersons Namela Baynes-Rowe and Joel Simpson responded a few days later.. noting “.. In a society which is marred by conflict and the abuses of power, it is not easy to try alternative ways of engagement which are not meant to destroy or humiliate. But, try we must and in the spirit of the Film Festival’s mission to promote discussion and education about the diversity of sexual orientations and gender identities in this country, we therefore make ourselves available to dialogue with the IRO and with any other interested parties about their concerns…”

The IRO never responded. despite reminder requests.

The question of God came up again at the launch of the SASOD Documentary, My Wardrobe, My Right in June 2011. The panelists including the producer, Neil Marks a journalist were asked where God was in all of this. In his response he noted that while he produced the documentary with direction from SASOD, he was a Christian and had his own moral values and beliefs. Some persons were outraged at what they saw as a kind of betrayal of the spirit of the documentary and the film festival. Others looked at the exchange as a positive reflection of the activism. Instead of drawing battle lines, the activism in Guyana had seemed to generated the a space where a Christian could find a way of engaging with the issue without feeling threatened and without threatening others. Justice Albie Sachs in the South African Constitutional Court hearing had stated “The development of an active rather than a purely formal sense of enjoying a common citizenship depends on recognising and accepting people as they are.” The common citizenship which Neil Marks and the security guard at NCN and many other Guyanese engaged in show the possibility of a place in which LGBTI are not discriminated against even though some think ‘it is a sin’. The challenge is agreeing on the causes and nature of that discrimination.


Gay Rights in Guyana Part 2 Published in Stabroek News  1 July, 2013

Caribbean Community
In 2004, Caribbean and other LGBTI activists, concerned with the growing popularity of homophobic lyrics, initiated the ‘Stop Murder Music’ Campaign to bring pressure to bear on private and public sector groups in the Caribbean, North America and Europe to respond to these lyrics.  Guyanese joined the campaign by writing to the Ethnic Relations Commission since they believed “that sexual orientation is one of the forms of diversity in a plural society and that therefore the ERC holds a constitutional mandate to encourage respect for the rights of gay and lesbian people in Guyana.” One year after the appeal, the ERC said it had no mandate to deal with the matter.  This issue continues with some protests against the Antigua 2012 Road March song ‘Kick in she back door’ across the Caribbean.
The Jamaica Outpost, a newsletter which ran in Kingston between October 2004 and June 2005, as well as the MSMNPA’s Free Forum magazine edited by the late Deni James in Trinidad & Tobago carried articles from Guyana.
The Regional HIV/AIDS mechanisms interrogated the laws fuelling discrimination and the years 2004 and 2005 saw discussions in different countries, including Guyana, about the need for repeal of ‘sodomy laws’. Some Caribbean Minsters of Health, including Guyana’s Dr Leslie Ramsammy, supported these calls, which were rejected by their Governments.
In 2007, Trinidadian activist Colin Robinson wrote that “In a field in which international human  rights advocacy and HIV response work have been the dominant forms of LGBT organising,  SASOD’s breathtaking cultural and political programmes have distinguished themselves by their  inventiveness, analysis, balance, and skilful use of limited resources. SASOD’s work and  imaginativeness reflect the best Caribbean political and cultural traditions and they make me proud  to be a gay Caribbean man.“    In 2008 the late Dr Robert Carr, who was based in Jamaica,  also stated that he wished there was a “SASOD in every Caribbean country.”
The SASOD Film Festival sought to include participation through films and other creative work  from the Caribbean, with performances by Jamaican poet and writer Kei Miller in 2007. SASOD’s CARIFESTA Fringe in 2008 featured films from Caribbean directors. The Fringe also included the Guyana launch of Thomas Glave’s edited collection, Our Caribbean; and Crawling out of the Closet by Grenadian Claude Douglas.  In 2008 LGBTI activism in Guyana gained even more visibility with an article, ‘Love After Love’ in the Caribbean Airlines magazine, Caribbean Beat. Author  Caroline Taylor wrote “.. It takes perhaps even more courage to put on a film festival in the Caribbean that’s devoted exclusively to movies which challenge established notions of sexuality and gender. It is a wonder, then, that Guyana’s Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD) has managed to mount its festival…”
Diaspora
The engagement of the Guyanese and Caribbean diaspora included the support of film makers Philip Pike, Michelle Mohabeer, Richard Fung, Sean Drakes, Renata Mohammed, Andil Gosine and others. Diaspora contributions extend to support from artistes like Nhojj. There is also support in terms of logistics for activities and events, and for information sharing.
One of the memories of June 2012 is the story of two films that crossed race divides. One young Black woman collected a film from a woman from India, while a young Indian man collected the film from a woman in South Africa. Both of these young persons did not want to be named in their contributions to the festival.
LGBTI Guyanese returning home have expressed surprise at the work being done, and some have used the space created by the film festival to speak about their reconciliation with their memories of leaving Guyana.  This has even gone beyond the Guyanese community; it was interesting one year when a young American from Ohio credited Guyana with giving him the courage to come out to his parents.
Diaspora engagements now to extend to research as a young Canadian/Guyanese student presented a paper about SASOD at the 2013 Caribbean Studies Association Conference in Grenada.
One of the complexities of LGBTI diaspora is dealing with the issue of asylum, especially in Canada and the United States. Some activists have felt that they could not get involved in providing ‘expert testimony’ to be used in Asylum cases, while others felt that it is important to help whenever one could.
Who else spoke out and supported the work?
In 2003, the Guyana Human Rights Association (GHRA) joined in calling for the Constitutional Amendment.   In October 2004, Guyanese Bertie Ramcharran also stated his support for law reform at a public Human Rights forum which included the Prime Minister and other members of Parliament.  On International Human Rights Day in 2007, the GHRA invited SASOD to make a presentation. This presentation was then published in the 14 December 2007 edition of Dayclean, organ of the  Working People’s Alliance – the first time that any political party in Guyana had endorsed LGBTI activist positions. Other NGOs such as Help & Shelter and Red Thread have included non-discrimination policies in their own activities and supported the work.
In May 2005, the late Grenadian scholar Professor Simeon C. R. McIntosh became the first Caribbean legal scholar to speak to the needed changes, in an article published in the Barbados Advocate “Homosexuality: A constitutional question” while he was Dean of the Faculty of Law at UWI Cave Hill.  Other commentators such as Sir Ronald Sanders, Ralph Ramkarran and politicians and newspaper columnists around the Caribbean  have also challenged the discrimination which exists in the Caribbean. Some politicians have taken risk at different times including Portia Simpson Miller in Jamaica before the 2011 elections, the Hon Francis Fonseca – Leader of the Opposition in Belize and Dr. Joseph – President of the Senate in Grenada. Fidel Castro in 2010 apologised for the ‘gran injusticia’ of the earlier years.
Other support in Guyana came from different places. The first film festival had the support of the 3HCD/Video Club and Sidewalk Cafe. In November, 2005, the recently opened Oasis Cafe agreed to host an evening of “Readings from the Spectrum: Lesbian and Gay Writings”.  In addition to publishing the notice for the event, a young journalist in Stabroek News published the entire text of the epic poem in prose form of Alan Moore’s The Mirror of Love, which looked at the history of same-sex love.
The Government and discrimination
The first project that SASOD engaged in was funded through the Global Fund/Ministry of Health. One of the interesting features of LGBTI activism in Guyana is the required branding of the  SASOD website with the coat of arms of Guyana.  Cynics might ask whether the Government was funding a revolution against itself.  Whenever President Jagdeo was asked about the issue of law reform, his response was always framed in the position of ‘no discrimination’ even as he remained non-committal on law reform.
In March 2011, Cabinet Secretary Dr Luncheon noted  “Cabinet reflected on social responses to homosexuality and reiterated its position of not supporting discrimination of those whose sexual orientation offended contemporary social norms and also consequently any advocacy of such lifestyles.”  While the public commentary of the Government seems to be shifting towards ‘no discrimination’, these statements are not translated into action.
“Is it homophobic to say that homosexuality is a sin?”
A statement from the Christian Community in Guyana on the proposed decriminalisation of Homosexuality notes that “We also believe … that we are called to embrace and reflect God’s love and compassion for humanity as outlined in the Bible which demands that we reject the acts of violence and hostility meted out to some homosexuals and other attitudes or actions that devalue and diminish our humanity as God intended.”  The statement affirms in addition that  “…It is evident that homosexuality is an offense to religion, morality and public convenience…”
On the one hand, homosexuals are to be loved (like murderers, thieves, rapists are to be loved?), while on the other hand they are offensive to the public. This experience of loving is manifested in the experience of LGBTI people who are then threatened with the fyah which reportedly destroyed Sodom.  Fyah.. in 2013.. in the form of the acid thrown on Sandy Jackman as she dealt with her family duties; and fyah in the cigarette lighter flame held by ‘loving’ citizens to the locks of Ryon Rawlins as he walked down Regent Street going about his business with a reminder of his apparent sin in the chants of ‘bun batty man’.
The agenda for activism has to be responsive to the diverse needs and experiences of the LGBTI community. The goal of LGBTI activism is to create a society in which LGBTI persons have equal access to education, housing, jobs, health, police protection, and equal opportunities to participate in community and national life.
There are cynics who will speak about ‘homosexuals in high places’ who face no discrimination. On the other hand, the experiences of violence, and alienation experienced by other LGBTI persons have to be addressed. The future of activism for equality must be grounded in accountability to those who are affected by the discrimination.
A gay teacher living in a rural area in Guyana said recently he did not have much faith in laws, and was looking instead at fundamental changes in the education of regular people. Ravi Dev was a Member of Parliament when he participated in the first public forum in April 2003. In his reflections on the 10 years since that forum, he said he believed the discussion on sexual orientation and gender identity is one which is related to the general discussions on diversity and difference and who has moral superiority over whom.  This moral superiority in this instance often expressed in the violence and discrimination that seemingly has no redress.  How then can the views of ‘regular people’ who oppose discrimination against LGBTI Guyanese be given prominence in the national discussion about laws and policies?
In April 2013, I visited the Wedding Expo and used the opportunity to poll on the issue of gay marriage. I asked 13 exhibitors how they felt about offering wedding and honeymoon services to same-sex couples. Eleven of the exhibitors said they had no problem (a few had already done so) while two persons said that offering services to same sex couples would conflict with their faith.
In Trinidad & Tobago, a survey conducted by the Caribbean Development Research Services Inc (Cadres) in collaboration with the Coalition Advocating for the Inclusion of Sexual Orientation (CAISO) suggested that 56 per cent of citizens are either tolerant or accepting of the LGBTI community. Guyana’s cultural and social makeup is similar in many ways to Trinidad & Tobago – can we assume that in Guyana a majority of Guyanese would like to see LGBTI Guyanese achieve their potential free from violence and other forms of discrimination?
Is this the majority which would convince the Select Committee of the National Assembly when they consider the submissions to repeal the laws which discriminate against LGBTI?  Or would the legislators in the Caribbean and Guyana be siding with those who invoke fyah on LGBTI citizens?

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Article printed from Stabroek News: http://www.stabroeknews.com
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